What
is Phonetics?
•Phonetics is the study of speech
sound.
•It discusses about what
individual sound is and how each sound differs from all others.
•Speech sound in
linguistics is called phoneme.
•When the phoneme becomes
a part of a word, it is called segment as /b/ does in bet or rob.
•There is no segment in
the sound of someone clearing his/her throat, it is because the sound is not
phoneme.
Three
branches of phonetics
•Acoustic
phonetics focuses on the physical
properties of sounds.
•Auditory
phonetics is concerned with how
listeners perceive the sounds.
•Articulatory
phonetics is the study of how the
vocal tract produces the sunds of language.
Ortography
~The study of alphabetic
spellings as the representation of the phonemes.
~A phoneme can be
represented by many letters or forms of spelling, but a letter/form can
represent many phonemes too.
Did he believe that Caesar
could see
the people seize the seas?
~The alphabet ‘e’, ‘ie’,
‘ae’, ‘ee’, ‘eo’, ‘ei’, and ‘ea’ represent a phoneme /i:/
~The phoneme /ə/, /ɑ:/, /ɒ/,
/e/, /ɪ/, /eɪ/, and /æ/.
IPA
•To symbolize the human
speech sound in all language, in 1888, International Phonetic Association
dveloped the International
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
Vocal
Tract
•The vocal
tract is the human organs
producing speech sounds, it consists of
1.Vocal
cords, a pair of thin
membranes
2.Glottis, the opening between
the vocal cords
3.Larynx, the voice box where
the vocal cords are
4.Pharynx, the pipe where the
larynx is
5.Oral
cavity or the mouth, and
6.Nasal
cavity or the nose.
Oral
cavity
• There
are
many other speech organs located in the oral cavity.
• The movement
or the contact between these organs can produced different sound
• Oral
cavity consists of:
1.Lips
2.Teeth
3.Tongue
4. Alveolar ridge
5. Palate (hard palate)
6. Velum (soft palate)
7. Uvula
Consonant
•Consonant is produced if the flow
of air from lungs is restricted or closed in the vocal
tract.
•Consonants are
classified based on voicing, the
place of articulation and the
manner of articulation, and
nasalization.
Voicing
•Voicing is the way to determine
the consonant by measuring the vibration of the
vocal cords.
•If the vocal cords
vibrate, it is called voiced.
•If the vocal cords do
not really vibrate, it is called voiceless.
•Voiceless is then
divided into aspirated and unaspirated phoneme.
•Aspirated is a brief
puff of air when articulated the phoneme. Aspiration only appear
if the sound
is articulated in the first place. It often apears in articulating the
phoneme
/p/, /t/, /k/.
pit –
spit – sip
Consonant
based on place of articulation
•Place of articulation is
where the restriction occurs in the vocal tract.
•There are 8 classes of
consonant based on place of articulation, those are:
1.Bilabial
2.Labiodentals
3.Interdentals
4.Alveolars
5.Palatals
6.Velars
7.Uvulars
8.Glottals
Consonant
based on the manner of articulation
•Manner of articulation
is the way the airstream is restricted in the vocal
tract.
•There are 5 manners of
articulating phoneme, those are ;
1.Stop, complete blocking
of airstream by two speech organs in oral cavity for
a short period.
2.Fricative, incomplete
blocking of airstream by two speech organs.
3.Affricate, gradually
releasing of the blocking of airstream.
4.Glide, little
obstruction of the airstream for a short period.
5.Liquid, complete
blocking of the airstream by tongue and palatal, but there
is enough space for
the airstream to flow out.
Nasalization
•Nasalization is the
process of producing phoneme when the velum is not
raising, so the air escapes
through both the nose and the mouth.
•All nasal phonemes are
voiced
Vowel
•Vowels are produced with
little restriction of the airflow from the lungs out
the mouth and/or the nose.
•Vowel sounds carry pitch
and loudness.
•There are four ways to
classified vowel, those are
1.The tongue position
2.The part of the tongue
3.The shape of lips
4.The duration (tense
& lax)
0 Comments